tRNAPyl：结构，功能和应用。,RNA Biology

吡咯赖氨酸是对少量古细菌和细菌中的琥珀色（TAG）密码子作出响应而编码为蛋白质的第22个蛋白原氨基酸。专门的氨酰基-tRNA合成酶（PylRS）及其相关的tRNA（tRNA Pyl）促进了吡咯赖氨酸的掺入。tRNA Pyl的二级结构包含一些典型tRNA中未发现的独特特征。大量研究表明，古细菌中的PylRS / tRNA Pyl对在大肠杆菌和真核宿主中是正交的，这导致该对广泛用于非规范氨基酸的遗传整合。在这篇简短的综述中，我们研究了阐明tRNA Pyl结构的工作，它与PylRS的相互作用，并调查了使用tRNA Pyl作为遗传密码扩展工具的最新进展。

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tRNAPyl: Structure, function, and applications.

Pyrrolysine is the 22nd proteinogenic amino acid encoded into proteins in response to amber (TAG) codons in a small number of archaea and bacteria. The incorporation of pyrrolysine is facilitated by a specialized aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) and its cognate tRNA (tRNAPyl). The secondary structure of tRNAPyl contains several unique features not found in canonical tRNAs. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the PylRS/tRNAPyl pair from archaea is orthogonal in E. coli and eukaryotic hosts, which has led to the widespread use of this pair for the genetic incorporation of non-canonical amino acids. In this brief review we examine the work that has been done to elucidate the structure of tRNAPyl, its interaction with PylRS, and survey recent progress on the use of tRNAPyl as a tool for genetic code expansion.